Child marriage: what are the health and psychological effects?
Dr Anitha Ponnupillai and Dr Punithavathy Shanmuganathan
Every child has the right to dream and to achieve their fullest potential. However, child marriages rob them of this very basic right and go on to deprive them of their childhood, adolescence, mental and physical well-being. Defined as “any formal marriage or informal union between a child under 18 and an adult or another child” by UNICEF, child marriage globally affects 12 million young women every year.
About 15,000 cases of child marriages were reported in Malaysia between 2007 to 2017 and as of 2018, 1500 children marry annually.
These numbers may only be the tip of the iceberg as many child marriages are unregistered and unrecorded. In March 2022, the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development stated that it would not legislate against child marriages but would however curb and address underage marriages through the implementation of the National Strategic Plan in Handling the Causes of Child Marriage (2020-2025).
The National Plan has identified 6 risk factors for child marriage: poverty, social acceptance of child marriage, lack of access to education, legislation that allows marriage under the age of 18, lack of legal status and rights for undocumented children, and lack of access to sexual and reproductive services.
HEALTH CONCERNS OF CHILD MARRIAGES
Child marriages involving adolescent girls significantly impacts their physical, psychological, and social well-being and has profound short and long-term consequences on health and their livelihood. Anatomical and physiological immaturity poses risks for adolescent girls during pregnancy and childbirth.
The female pelvis is not fully developed and can result in childbirth complications and entails caesarean delivery. Childbirths can be too soon, too close, or too many with child marriage which further escalate the health risks.
Pregnant girls are more prone to complications like pre-eclampsia (hypertension in pregnancy), eclampsia (fits in pregnancy), premature birth, stillbirth, difficult labour, postpartum endometritis (infection of uterus after childbirth), systemic infection, and disability like obstetric fistula (leakage of urine from vagina) than women between 20-24 years.
More alarmingly in developing countries, pregnancy and childbirth complications are the leading causes of death in girls between 10-19 years, accounting for 99 per cent of maternal deaths of women aged 15-49, which are mostly preventable. Girls under 18 are also 35 to 55 per cent are more likely to experience preterm delivery or low birthweight than those who are older than 19.
Infant deaths and under-five deaths are also reported to be higher by 60 per cent and 28 per cent respectively in mothers under 18 and are attributable to the mother’s poor nutritional status, physical and emotional immaturity, lack of access to social and reproductive services, and high risk of infectious diseases.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCERNS
Girls married before 18 deprived of a wholesome transition to adolescence, are thrown into adulthood, clueless and without adequate life skills.
They suffer from significant mental health issues and severe mental distress. The disruption to their childhood isolates them from their family and peers.
Depression is the most common diagnosis reported among this group as they face more stressful life events and are at higher risk for substance-related disorders. Suicidal thoughts and attempts were also identified among the girls forced into early marriages, used as a form of punishment for their families due to the stigma attached to suicide-related deaths.
Consequently, these girls were at a higher risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), adjustment disorder, and anxiety.
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
Lacking confidence and the ability to maintain a healthy married relationship, girls forced into child marriages are at risk of being controlled by their husband and in-laws.
Decision-making power about their lives shifts to their spouses and in-laws, losing their individuality.
They experience intimate partner violence at the hands of their husbands and their in-laws, drop out of school and usually lack employment. A girl forced into a child marriage is exposed to nearly twice the risk of domestic violence compared to girls married after 18.
The lack of education, empowerment, and awareness is an impediment to the girls’ ability to advocate for themselves and hence, they remain trapped in their husband’s homes and unfortunately pass this vicious cycle of poverty, violence, and inequality to their own girl children.
NEXT STEP FORWARD
Evidence has shown that governmental strategies focused on the risk factors, can put an end to the child marriage issue.
The National Strategy Plan aims at implementing policies and programmes to address the determinants which directly impact a child: poverty mitigation, upgrading the family’s socioeconomic status by strengthening the financial and social support, and empowerment of girls’ human capital through education and job training.
However, social and attitude change programmes need to be targeted towards boys for gender equality whereas emphasis needs to be placed on men to stop pursuing child brides. We believe it is important to set the legal minimum age at marriage for girls and boys at 18 irrespective of the ethnic or religious background.
However, this alone may not combat the harmful practice of child marriage unless the change is implemented concurrently at macro, meta, and grassroots level which is challenging.
Our priorities should be pregnancy prevention, sex education, and universal access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, especially emergency contraception through addressing the legal and cultural barriers Implementing effective SRH counselling at school and community with a non-judgmental approach is crucial since premarital conception is the key risk factor for marriage under 18.
In a nutshell, it is the collective effort of all the stakeholders (6Ps: Policy makers, Program managers, Parents, Peers, Partners, and Providers of health care and school education) to eliminate child marriage by 2030 to achieve SDG 5.3.1 and provide a safe and supportive environment for our children to reach their acme.
Dr Anitha Ponnupillai is a Senior Lecturer of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Dr Punithavathy Shanmuganathan is a Senior Lecturer of Family Medicine, both from Taylor’s University School of Medicine
