South Africa's genocide case against Israel explained

THE HAGUE - The International Court of Justice will hand down a landmark ruling Friday in South Africa's case against Israel over alleged genocidal acts in Gaza.

Here are some key questions about a case that has drawn global interest:

- Will the court decide whether Israel is committing genocide? -

No. At this stage, the ICJ is only deciding whether to impose emergency orders on Israel ("provisional measures" in the court's jargon).

A ruling on whether Israel is committing genocide in Gaza will be for a second stage of the procedure and will likely take years.

On Oct 7, Hamas staged an operation on Israel that left about 1,140 people dead, mostly civilians, according to an AFP tally based on official Israeli figures.

Israel's relentless military campaign on Gaza since has left at least 25,900 dead, about 70 per cent of them women, children and adolescents, according to the Hamas government's health ministry.

"At this stage, South Africa does not need to prove that Israel is committing genocide," Juliette McIntyre, a lecturer in international law at the University of South Australia, told AFP.

"They simply need to establish that there is a plausible risk of genocide occurring."

Even if the court rules against Israel, "it means that there is a plausible risk of genocide. Not that there is genocide", she said.

- What could the court do? -

South Africa has asked the ICJ to impose nine orders on Israel, including to immediately suspend military activity and to enable more humanitarian access.

The court could order all nine of the orders, none of them, or even make up its own completely different orders.

"It seems likely that the Court will grant some of the requests made by South Africa," said Cecily Rose, an assistant professor of public international law at Leiden University.

Israel argued during the hearings that a ceasefire was unrealistic as the court could only order that on one party -- since Hamas is not part of the proceedings.

"The court may order a ceasefire, but more likely in my opinion is an order that Israel take all measures within its power to ensure access to adequate food, water and humanitarian assistance," McIntyre said.

- What happens next? -

From the court's viewpoint, the case moves onto the "merits" stage, where it will determine whether Israel is actually committing genocide in Gaza.

The key is whether Israel will abide by any potential ICJ ruling. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has already hinted he does not feel bound by the court.

Regardless of Israel's reaction, the ruling will have important "ripple effects", McIntyre said.

If the court rules there is a "risk" of genocide, "it makes it much harder for other states to continue to support Israel... states may withdraw military or other support".

ICJ rulings are binding, but it has little way of enforcing them and some states ignore them completely -- Russia was ordered to stop its invasion of Ukraine, for example.

However, "it creates an important historical record which may not change things on the ground right this moment but can be essential in future negotiations under new governments", McIntyre said.

"Finally, there is the symbolic aspect which given Israel's context is huge."

- Why South Africa? -

South Africa brought the case against Israel because both countries have signed the UN Genocide Convention, drawn up in 1948 as the world vowed "never again" after the Holocaust.

Its filing states that Pretoria is "acutely aware" of the "particular weight of responsibility" in accusing Israel of all countries of breaking the Genocide Convention.

But it also says that no attack can justify alleged breaches of the Convention and that Israel has "its own obligation" as a signatory to prevent genocide.

South Africa has long been a vocal supporter of the Palestinian cause, with the governing African National Congress (ANC) often linking it to its own struggle against apartheid.

The two countries have in the past cut off diplomatic ties over the issue.

- What other cases are there? -

The ICJ rules on disputes between countries and is often confused with the International Criminal Court (ICC), also based in The Hague, which prosecutes war crimes by individuals.

ICC chief prosecutor Karim Khan has started an investigation into events in Gaza and vowed to "step up" his probe.

Five countries including South Africa called in November for an ICC investigation into the Gaza war, and Khan says his team has gathered a "significant volume" of evidence.

International legal experts have told AFP that war crimes have probably been committed by both sides.

Finally, the United Nations has asked the ICJ to look into the legal consequences of Israel's actions in the Palestinian Territories.

This will be an advisory opinion and will not focus on the military operation after Oct 7 when Hamas crossed into Israel. - Richard Carter / AFP