The truth about cervical cancer: Sexual activity to blame, not genetics

CERVICAL cancer is not hereditary and is primarily influenced by social and lifestyle factors, particularly sexual activity, rather than genetic factors.

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Reproductive and Oncofertility specialist Associate Professor Dr Mohd Faizal Ahmad said cervical cancer arises from a combination of factors that differ from those associated with cancers linked to family history or genetic predispositions.

Hormone-related cancers, such as those linked to Lynch syndrome, including colon, ovarian and breast cancers, often have a genetic basis.

In contrast, Dr Faizal noted that cervical cancer is not inherited, and its development is largely driven by lifestyle choices, especially sexual activity.

“The primary cause of cervical cancer is infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus. HPV infects the basal layer of the ectocervix, particularly during sexual intercourse.

“Minor trauma to the cervical cells, such as scratches that occur during intercourse, allows the virus to enter and establish infection,” he said during a Sinar Daily podcast.

Dr Faizal elaborated that HPV includes both low-risk and high-risk DNA strains, with the latter being responsible for the potential development of cancer over time.

He added that chronic infection with high-risk HPV subtypes can persist for five to 10 years, increasing the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which is a precancerous condition.

“If detected early through screening, such as a pap smear, these precancerous lesions can be treated to prevent cancer progression."

He added that Pap smears play a critical role in monitoring cervical health, especially for individuals who have been exposed to HPV through early sexual activity.

“While early sexual exposure increases the risk of HPV infection, regular pap smears can help detect and manage abnormalities before they develop into cancer.

“This highlights the importance of awareness and proactive screening in reducing the risk of cervical cancer,” he said.